Setting the Stage
Influence
“Lord, and raise up for them their king, the son of David, to rule over Israel, your servant, in the time which you chose, o God.
He will have gentile nations serving him under his yoke and he will glorify the Lord in [a place] visible [from] the whole earth.
He will be a righteous king over them, taught by God. There will be no unrighteousness among them in his days, for all [will be] holy, and their king [will be] the Lord Messiah.”
According to Josephus what led to the First Jewish-Roman war (66-73AD) “was an ambiguous oracle, likewise found in their sacred scriptures, to the effect that at that time one from their country would become ruler of the world. This they understood to mean someone of their own race, and many of their wise men went astray in their interpretation of it.” (War, Book 6)
For the NT
Little horn: Dan 7:8, 25; cp. 8:9-12, 23.
Takeaways
N.T. Wright, The New Testament and the People of God.
The main task of the Messiah, over and over again, is the liberation of Israel, and her reinstatement as the true people of the creator god. This will often involve military action, which can be seen in terms of judgment as in a lawcourt. It will also involve action in relation to the Jerusalem Temple, which must be cleansed and/or restored and/or rebuilt.
It is clear that whenever the Messiah appears, and whoever he turns out to be, he will be the agent of Israel’s god.
Certainly there is no reason to hypothesize any widespread belief that the coming Messiah would be anything other than an ordinary human being called by Israel’s god to an extraordinary task.
So how did a Jewish “expectation, the longing for a national restoration, fit in, if it did, with the hope for a non-spatio-temporal life after death? How did personal hope fit in with national hope? How did “spiritual” aspiration cohere with “political”? And, in the middle of all this, what about the idea of resurrection?
It is clear that some first-century Jews at least had already adopted what may be seen as a Hellenized future expectation, that is, a hope for a none physical (or “spiritual”) world to which the righteous and blessed would be summoned after death, and a non-physical place of damnation where the wicked would be tormented. Nevertheless, I believe it would be a great mistake to regard a Hellenized expectation as basic, and to place the sociopolitical hope in a secondary position.”